{"id":621,"date":"2019-12-23T14:54:40","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T20:54:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/aprenderquechua.com\/?p=621"},"modified":"2023-11-15T10:39:20","modified_gmt":"2023-11-15T16:39:20","slug":"personal-pronouns-in-quechua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/vocabulary\/personal-pronouns-in-quechua\/","title":{"rendered":"Grammar 2: Personal Pronouns in Quechua Cusco"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns botones is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/grammar\/pronunciation-and-phonetics\/\">&lt;&lt;&lt;<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/free-quechua-course\/\">Lessons<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/vocabulary\/quechua-basic-verbs\/\">&gt;&gt;&gt;<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- aprenderquechua-display-cuadrado -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1730987954818825\" data-ad-slot=\"3042231937\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that you know the pronunciation of Quechua consonants, let&#8217;s talk about the language itself. Let&#8217;s start with personal pronouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#0073A8\" class=\"tadv-color\">Noqa<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>I<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#0073A8\" class=\"tadv-color\">Qan<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>You<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#0073A8\" class=\"tadv-color\">Pay<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>He \/ She<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">Noqanchis<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>We (<strong>including the addressee[s], including<\/strong>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">Noqayku<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>We (<strong>not including the addressee[s], excluding<\/strong>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#0073A8\" class=\"tadv-color\">Qankuna<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>You [plural] (you guys, you people, you all)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><span style=\"color:#0073A8\" class=\"tadv-color\">Paykuna<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>They<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<!-- In-article1 -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1730987954818825\" data-ad-slot=\"7368134539\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-central-palette-16-color has-central-palette-1-background-color has-text-color has-background\">In some areas &#8220;\u00d1&#8221; is used in the first singular and plural person: <strong><span style=\"color:#FFC300\" class=\"tadv-color\">\u00d1oqa<\/span>, <span style=\"color:#FFC300\" class=\"tadv-color\">\u00d1oqanchis<\/span> and <span style=\"color:#FFC300\" class=\"tadv-color\">\u00d1oqayku<\/span><\/strong>, it is totally valid, there is no difference in meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As you can see, unlike English, in Quechua there are 2 ways to express the pronoun &#8220;<strong>We<\/strong>&#8220;, in which case to use each one? This image shows us how each one works:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"741\" src=\"https:\/\/aprenderquechua.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/noqanchis-noqayku.jpg\" alt=\"noqanchis-noqayku\" class=\"wp-image-186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/noqanchis-noqayku.jpg 744w, https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/noqanchis-noqayku-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/noqanchis-noqayku-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/noqanchis-noqayku-676x673.jpg 676w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The image alone will not make you understand the concept, but with the following explanation I think so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Noqayku: We (excluding)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is called excluding because the addressee or addresses are excluded from the action or situation that is being discussed. This &#8220;<strong>We<\/strong>&#8221; means &#8220;<span style=\"background-color:#BFEAFD\" class=\"tadv-background-color\">me and him\/her\/them without you<\/span>&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To know in which situation you have to use noqayku you have to identify the 2 groups that participate in a conversation: teller(s) and addressee(s). Let&#8217;s see some examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Me and him\/her\/them without you<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine 2 strangers who are visiting the Nazca Lines, then they start a conversation so he asks her: &#8220;And your family, where are they from?&#8221;, She replies: &#8220;<em><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\"><strong>We<\/strong><\/span><\/em> are from Cusco.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that there are 2 groups in the situation: 1) she and her family and 2) her conversational partner. And although her family is not with her at that time, when she says &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">we<\/span><\/strong>&#8220;, <span style=\"background-color:#FFF7B1\" class=\"tadv-background-color\">she refers to her and her family (me and them), but not to her addresses.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Me and him\/her\/them without you guys\/you people\/you all<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Now imagine a meeting of childhood friends who had not seen each other for many years, each one is accompanied by their spouse and even their children, they are in a recreational area outside the city. Then at lunchtime they are talking pleasantly, so each one begins to tell where they are living: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> live in Arequipa&#8221;, &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> in Lima&#8221;, &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> in Cusco&#8221;, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example it can be seen that each one of those who speak does so on behalf of his group (family) excluding his addressee: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#D8373E\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> (<span style=\"background-color:#FFF7B1\" class=\"tadv-background-color\">me and my family, but not you people<\/span>) live in Arequipa&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Feed1 -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-layout-key=\"-ef+6k-30-ac+ty\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1730987954818825\" data-ad-slot=\"2934420723\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Noqanchis: We (including)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is called inclusive because the addressee or addresses are included in the action or idea of the sentence. This &#8220;We&#8221; means &#8220;me and you\/you guys&#8221; and &#8220;us and you\/you guys&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Me and you<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine that <span style=\"background-color:#FFF7B1\" class=\"tadv-background-color\">a woman talks to her son<\/span>, wants to teach him to be grateful and says: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> must be grateful,&#8221; or the father may have traveled and the son asks his mother when he arrives, she replies: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> will see your father very soon. &#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In both situations there are only 2 individuals, the teller and her addressee, you can see that the addressee is included in the action or in the situation, in those cases <strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">noqanchis<\/span><\/strong> is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Me and you guys\/you people\/you all<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine the previous examples, but instead of the mother speaking with only one of her children, she is speaking with several of them, and she says them the same things, this time, when she says &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">we<\/span><\/strong>&#8221; means &#8220;<span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">me and you all<\/span>&#8221; . You also have to use <strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">noqanchis<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Us and you\/you guys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Now imagine that <span style=\"background-color:#FFF7B1\" class=\"tadv-background-color\">a father, a mother and their only child<\/span> are talking, both the father and the mother are talking with their son, then the father says to his son: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">We<\/span><\/strong> are a family with good values.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So when the father says &#8220;<em><span style=\"color:#2878BB\" class=\"tadv-color\">we<\/span><\/em>&#8221; it is understood that he speaks on behalf of him and his wife, and is also including the child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I hope this explanation has been useful to you, if you have any questions, leave it in the comments, so we all learn. You can also <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clusivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"read this Wikipedia article (opens in a new tab)\">read this Wikipedia article<\/a> where the topic is discussed a bit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Display2 -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1730987954818825\" data-ad-slot=\"2008301535\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p>In the next grammar lesson you will learn to conjugate verbs in the present simple, however, before moving on to that lesson I recommend you learn some vocabulary, for example: <a class=\"rank-math-link\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/vocabulary\/quechua-basic-verbs\/\">basic verbs<\/a> and <a class=\"rank-math-link\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/vocabulary\/the-family-in-quechua\/\">the family<\/a> in Quechua, so you can understand the examples we will use.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/clases-virtuales-english.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/clases-virtuales-english.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/clases-virtuales-english-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns botones is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/grammar\/pronunciation-and-phonetics\/\">Previous Lesson:<br>Pronunciation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/free-quechua-course\/\">Quechua course:<br> All lessons<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/vocabulary\/quechua-basic-verbs\/\">Next lesson:<br> Basic verbs<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Now that you know the pronunciation of Quechua consonants, let&#8217;s talk about the language itself. Let&#8217;s start with personal pronouns. Noqa I Qan You Pay He \/ She Noqanchis We (including the addressee[s], including) Noqayku We (not including the addressee[s], excluding) Qankuna You [plural] (you guys, you people, you all) Paykuna They<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,3],"tags":[27,28],"class_list":["post-621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grammar","category-vocabulary","tag-quechua-grammar","tag-quechua-pronouns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=621"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1549,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/621\/revisions\/1549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=621"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=621"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aprenderde.com\/quechua-cusco\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}